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lograrithms_scales, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mtext> Information = </mtext> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> log </mtext> <mtext> 2 </mtext> <none/> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> N </mtext> </mrow> </math> where N = number of equiprobable messages; Information = number of bits (0,1), seismometric amplitude-energy increase by a factor 1000 as given by <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> M </mtext> <mtext> L </mtext> <none/> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> = </mtext> <mfrac> <mtext> 2 </mtext> <mtext> 3 </mtext> </mfrac> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> Log </mtext> <mtext> 10 </mtext> <none/> </mmultiscripts> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> m </mtext> <mtext> TNT </mtext> <none/> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> (kg) </mtext> </mrow> </math>, N = number of equiprobable messages; Information = number of bits (0,1) e.g. N = 4 (black; white-black; white; black-white), decibel values of acoustic intensity have a minimus unit (1 dB), music adoptes 12 tonal intervals in a octave, loudness measure adoptes decibel values of acoustic intensity, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mtext> Logarithms </mtext> </math> are applied to music, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mtext> ratio </mtext> <mroot> <mtext> 2 </mtext> <mtext> 12 </mtext> </mroot> <mtext> in frequencies </mtext> </mrow> </math> e.g. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mfrac> <mrow> <mtext> frequency of L </mtext> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> a </mtext> <mtext> 4 </mtext> <none/> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> <mrow> <mtext> frequency of L </mtext> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> a </mtext> <mtext> 3 </mtext> <none/> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mfrac> <mtext> = </mtext> <mfrac> <mtext> 440 Hz </mtext> <mtext> 220 Hz </mtext> </mfrac> <mtext> = 2 </mtext> </mrow> </math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mtext> Logarithms </mtext> </math> are applied to loudness measure, noise produced by a single oak leaf falling to the ground solicitates ear to a pressure of 20 μPa (0,000000020 mbar)