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Este Cmap, tiene información relacionada con: Herzog with criticism, a "comparative analysis suggests skepticism is in order about whether the conditions are ripe for Hamas to be co-opted by its political participation or if instead Hamas will simply use political participation as another vehicle for pursuing its alarming core objectives." an analysis of analogies "in the modern history of the Muslim Middle East ... where the governments have been challenged by Islamist movements" -- "In Turkey, the Islamists have been co-opted successfully," but based on "a secular public culture for more than eight decades and democratic institutions for more than five," and state and military "has set clear limits on political behavior." -- "Jordan presents a model of successful Islamist co-optation (although less so of democracy)," but this is based on political integration of Islamists over six decades and the fact that their political wing occupies only "an average of a third of the seats in parliament." -- In Egypt political integration of Islamist moderates was possible only after they separated from radicals, based on "repression and political exclusion." -- Lebanon's Hezbollah "maintains the most powerful militia in the country, with control of a virtually autonomous area in southern Lebanon and a global terrorist reach that has often served Iranian purposes. ... Joining the government did not prevent Hezbollah from under- taking a serious cross-border attack on Israel in late November 2005, nor has its ideological platform or political demeanor shown signs of moderation.", El Derecho Penal therefore (ArgScheme: modus ponens AU=Herzog) "Granting Hamas legitimate political status and access to the prerogatives of state power seems to be asking for trouble.", a "comparative analysis suggests skepticism is in order about whether the conditions are ripe for Hamas to be co-opted by its political participation or if instead Hamas will simply use political participation as another vehicle for pursuing its alarming core objectives." objects "optimistic observers argue, however, that this concern is overblown. It is precisely the burdens and responsibilities that come with democratic politics, they claim, that will tame Hamas. After all, as the Carnegie Endowment's Marina Ottaway wrote last summer, 'There is ample evidence that participation in an electoral process forces any party, regardless of ideology, to moderate its position if it wants to attract voters in large numbers.' ... Instead of being concerned about Hamas' new role, the optimists contend, outsiders should actually welcome it as the most likely catalyst for moving the group's focus from radical rejectionism to mainstream politics.", these conditions can either be created from the inside or based on influence from the outside therefore (ArgScheme: disjunctive syllogism) "Outside actors should ... try to use their influence to create the proper incentives and disincentives for Hamas' future behavior," such as renouncing violence, disarming, and recognizing Israel's right to exist., If these conditions are not given, then they should be created therefore (ArgScheme: modus ponens) "The Palestinians, with the help of Israel, the United States, and the rest of the international community, should now try hard to create the conditions under which Hamas may liberalize", why pressing if Hamas evolves already in the right direction? objects If these conditions are not given, then they should be created, "Some observers detect signs that Hamas is already evolving in a moderate direction. They point to its very willingness to engage in elections and enter the Palestinian Legislative Council, an institution born from the Oslo peace process, which the group has long rejected; its acceptance of a temporary truce (tahdiya) with Israel; its expressed willingness to consider a longer cease-fire (hudna) should Israel withdraw to its 1967 borders; and various statements by Hamas leaders that exhibit flexibility." supports "optimistic observers argue, however, that this concern is overblown. It is precisely the burdens and responsibilities that come with democratic politics, they claim, that will tame Hamas. After all, as the Carnegie Endowment's Marina Ottaway wrote last summer, 'There is ample evidence that participation in an electoral process forces any party, regardless of ideology, to moderate its position if it wants to attract voters in large numbers.' ... Instead of being concerned about Hamas' new role, the optimists contend, outsiders should actually welcome it as the most likely catalyst for moving the group's focus from radical rejectionism to mainstream politics.", "Palestinian political, security, and other institutions are a chaotic mess, and the pragmatic political center, represented by Fatah, is in complete disarray. Hamas is launching its political career in the legislative and executive branches without having disarmed and is quite possibly stronger than the rest of the state apparatus." supports "if one looks closely at the case of Hamas, hardly any of these potentially moderating factors are present.", a few historical cases cannot justify a universal statement defeats what is true for Turkey, Jordan, Egypt, and Lebanon regarding conditions of successful co-optation is always true, alternatively, one could also argue that pressure only contributes to the radicalization of movements objects "co-optation through political participation is not a given, but rather depends on the existence of certain conditions in the local political context.", "co-optation through political participation is not a given, but rather depends on the existence of certain conditions in the local political context." leads to If these conditions are not given, then they should be created, what is true for Turkey, Jordan, Egypt, and Lebanon regarding conditions of successful co-optation is always true those conditions are - "the existence of a strong, healthy, and relatively free political system into which the Islamists can be absorbed; - a balance of power tilted against the Islamists that forces them to play by moderate rules; - and sufficient time for co-optation to take effect.", The new documents of Hamas objects Hamas is an Islamist move- ment that propagates violence, "Outside actors should ... try to use their influence to create the proper incentives and disincentives for Hamas' future behavior," such as renouncing violence, disarming, and recognizing Israel's right to exist. by means of - giving or neglecting legitimacy - investing or not investing political and financial capital - removing or not removing Hamas from international terrorist lists, "optimistic observers argue, however, that this concern is overblown. It is precisely the burdens and responsibilities that come with democratic politics, they claim, that will tame Hamas. After all, as the Carnegie Endowment's Marina Ottaway wrote last summer, 'There is ample evidence that participation in an electoral process forces any party, regardless of ideology, to moderate its position if it wants to attract voters in large numbers.' ... Instead of being concerned about Hamas' new role, the optimists contend, outsiders should actually welcome it as the most likely catalyst for moving the group's focus from radical rejectionism to mainstream politics." defeats (AU=Herzog) El Derecho Penal, "No Islamist movement has renoun- ced violence or moderated its ideology of its own volition; when one has done so at all, it has been for lack of a better alter- native." supports "co-optation through political participation is not a given, but rather depends on the existence of certain conditions in the local political context.", "The Palestinians, with the help of Israel, the United States, and the rest of the international community, should now try hard to create the conditions under which Hamas may liberalize" leads to these conditions can either be created from the inside or based on influence from the outside, "With Hamas controlling Palestinian politics and national institutions," it cannot be done from the inside therefore (ArgScheme: disjunctive syllogism) "Outside actors should ... try to use their influence to create the proper incentives and disincentives for Hamas' future behavior," such as renouncing violence, disarming, and recognizing Israel's right to exist., "There is ... overwhelming evidence pointing in the opposite direction. For example, Mahmoud al-Zahar, the group's leading figure, gave a series of interviews in the run-up to the parliamentary elections in which he explained that the group sees no connection between the elections and the Oslo process -- which is dead anyway -- and that any cease- fire along the 1967 borders would not come with a recognition of Israel or relations with it, but would be merely a step in the continued struggle. 'Some Israelis think that when we talk of the West Bank and Gaza it means we have given up our historic war,' Zahar told an Israeli newspaper in late October. 'This is not the case.' As for Hamas' stance on democracy, Zahar's words have been equally discouraging: he pro- claimed, 'We will join the Legislative Council with our weapons in our hands,' later adding, 'In the Islamist Palestinian state, every citizen will be required to act in accordance with the codes of Islamic religious law' -- not exactly a Western vision of how democracy should function." objects "Some observers detect signs that Hamas is already evolving in a moderate direction. They point to its very willingness to engage in elections and enter the Palestinian Legislative Council, an institution born from the Oslo peace process, which the group has long rejected; its acceptance of a temporary truce (tahdiya) with Israel; its expressed willingness to consider a longer cease-fire (hudna) should Israel withdraw to its 1967 borders; and various statements by Hamas leaders that exhibit flexibility.", the claim that Islamic movements change only based on pressure sounds hardly convincing. There may be many different explanations objects "co-optation through political participation is not a given, but rather depends on the existence of certain conditions in the local political context."