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Chapter 5 heter, Heterogeneity applies to Computer Hardware: data types such as integers can be represented differently, Heterogeneity applied to Programming Lanuages: data structures (arrays, records) can be represented differently implementations by different developers they need agreed standards so as to be able to interwork, Middleware: Software that provides a programming model above the basic building blocks of processes and message passing Communication Protocols That support the middleware abstractions are independent of the underlying transport protocols, Heterogeneity applies to Networks: Internet protocols mask the differences between networks, Middleware: Software that provides a programming model above the basic building blocks of processes and message passing Location Transparency The client that calls a procedure cannot tell whether the procedure runs in the same process or in a different process, possibly on a different computer. Nor does the client need to know the location of the server.The object making the invocation cannot tell whether the object it invokes is local or not does not need to know its location.