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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: OS architecture, -monolithic kernels & micro kernels -comparison: monolythic is efficient with which operations can be invoked microkernel is smaller and less likely to have bugs -some hybrid approaches: Mach and Chorus -virtualization contains monitor: A monitor is a construct similar to an object, containing variables and procedures. The variables can only be accessed by calling one of the procedures. The monitor allows only one process at a time to execute a procedure., -monolithic kernels & micro kernels -comparison: monolythic is efficient with which operations can be invoked microkernel is smaller and less likely to have bugs -some hybrid approaches: Mach and Chorus -virtualization contains multi user OS and semaphores: With many processes in a single hardware device, multiple processes need controls to enable the CPU (or CPUs) to switch between tasks. A semaphore can be thought of as an integer with two operations, down and up. The down operation checks to see if the value is ɬ. If it is, it decrements the value and continues. If it is, the calling process is blocked. The up operation does the opposite. It first checks to see if there are any now blocked processes that could not complete earlier. If so, it unblocks one of them and continues. Otherwise, it increments the semaphore value. Once a up or down operation begins, no other operation can access the semaphore until the operation is complete or a process blocks. Semaphores are not a complete solution to preventing processes from interfering with each other. For that reason, we have monitors.