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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: 11.2-Kingdom Monera_Ain, 11.2-KINGDOM MONERA Importance of Bacteria Symbiotic prokaryotes * Mutualistic bacteria : E.Coli sp. - live in the intestine - benefits from undigested material - release vitamin K and B12 produce blood component) -digest cellulose in cows and goats stomach * Commensalistic bacteria -live in/on organism of others species and cause no harm, Cell wall composition Gram-negative 1. Complex cell wall with thin layer of peptidoglycan and more lipids (lipid bilayer: lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide) 2. Stain with safranin - appear bright to red colour 3. Eg : Pseudomonas sp. & E.Coli sp., Position of Flagella *bacteria that posses flagella are known as flagellates Lophotrichous two or more flagella at one pole of the cell, 11.2-KINGDOM MONERA Importance of Bacteria Prokaryote in the research and technology *Used to digest organic wastes,chemical products,make vitamins & antibiotics *Used in genetic engineering *As a biological agent - Bacillus thuringiensis to attack insects, Cell shape Rod Single ; bacillus Chains ; streptobacillus, 11.2-KINGDOM MONERA Unique characteristics of Bacteria Cell wall *made up of peptidoglycan *some species produce capsule - provide protection against phagocytosis and attach to surface *have Pili - help bacteria to adhere to one another or attah to certain surface (Sex Pili is important in transmitting DNA between bacteria), Cell shape Spiral -Spirillum -Single, 11.2-KINGDOM MONERA Unique characteristics of Bacteria Cytoplasm *contain chromosome and plasmid *lack membrane enclosed organelles (mitochondria & endoplasmic reticulum), Position of Flagella *bacteria that posses flagella are known as flagellates Amphitrichous a flagellum occurs at each of the two ends, 11.2-KINGDOM MONERA Unique characteristics of Bacteria Mesosome *an invagination of the palsma membrane to form a simple membranous structure, Position of Flagella *bacteria that posses flagella are known as flagellates Monotrichous a single polar end flagellum, 11.2-KINGDOM MONERA Diversity of Bacteria Cell shape, 11.2-KINGDOM MONERA Unique characteristics of Bacteria Have a circular DNA molecule *generally have a single chromosome (circular DNA) *without histone protein *most bacteria have plasmid(smaller circular fragment of DNA), 11.2-KINGDOM MONERA Unique characteristics of Bacteria Feeding mode *many bacteria are heterotrophs -free living decomposers that obtain their carbon and energy from dead organic matter *others are autotrophs *certain bacteria are parasites -living in host,draw glucose and other nutrient, Position of Flagella *bacteria that posses flagella are known as flagellates Peritrichous flagella distributed over the entire cell, 11.2-KINGDOM MONERA Classification of Bacteria ARCHAEBACTERIA, 11.2-KINGDOM MONERA Diversity of Bacteria Position of Flagella *bacteria that posses flagella are known as flagellates, 11.2-KINGDOM MONERA Unique characteristics of Bacteria Flagella *many bacteria are motile because of flagella that help for movement and ability, ARCHAEBACTERIA Example : Sulfolobus 1. Can tolerate or adapted to extreme environment 2. Peptidoglycan is not present in cell wall 3. Lipid structure in plasma membrane: -branched-chain hydrocarbons linked to glycerol by other linkage 4. DNA is wrap with round histone protein, 11.2-KINGDOM MONERA Importance of Bacteria Recycling of chemical elements in ecosystem (nitrogen fixation) * Bacteria lives in nodules on the root of of legumes Eg : beans,peas,clover -convert nitrogen to ammonia(a form of nitrogen used by plants)