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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: 11.5.3 gymnosperms -nuurlina, exm:ginkgo biloba ???? Ginkgophyta, exm:pinus ???? Coniferophyta, -conifers plant like:- ???? pines, UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS are -evergreen (retain leaves in winter) -leave needle-shape *conserve moisture *adaption for life in drier @ more windy areas -pine tree sporophyte *has roots,stems and leaves -conifers is heterosporous:- *microspores (male) *megaspores (female) -male cone (staminate cones) have microsporophylls with microsporongia contain microsporophytes -female cones larger ovulate cones found on the upper branches of pine tree. -conifers reproductively totally adapted to life on land, -conifers plant like:- ???? firs, 4 phyla which is Cycadophyta, exm:pinus ???? life cycle, exm:cycas the UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS, -conifers plant like:- ???? junipers, -conifers plant like:- ???? cypress, exm:pinus the UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS, UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS ???? GYMNOSPERMS, 4 phyla which is Coniferophyta, exm:cycas ???? Cycadophyta, -conifers plant like:- ???? spruce, -conifers plant like:- ???? cedars, UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS are -have tracheid and vessel elements (xylem tissue) -fertilization is unique because:- *tube grow from eggs to unite with pollen tube -sperm not mortile -the only type of gymnosperms undergoes double fertilization -no endosperm forms -second egg fertilized disintegrate -some species produce nectar and visited by insects, GYMNOSPERMS have 4 phyla, -conifers plant like:- ???? redwoods, 4 phyla which is Ginkgophyta