Institutional alienation

Issues: - how to relate planning function to other functions of the organization?
        - what responsibilities and authorities should be given to planners?

- Often planning unit has responsibility to develop all sorts of plans but no authority for implementation.
- Problem: alienation. How? Most managers consider themselves planners, so suggestions by planners imply criticism.

- Option 1: give planners authority for implementation. Problems: loss of objectivity and less time for planning.
- Option 2 (compromise): managers to assign responsible staff to planning team --> management representative = hostage.
- Option 3 (transparency): publishing costs of planning associated with divisions/departments --> management compromized into accepting proposals. 
- Option 3a: refine 3 by letting managers "sign up" for planning. Still has element of bribing.
- Option 4: make planning staff function at top of organization, e.g. board of directors/CEO. Problem: isolates planning from operations, which can be disastrous when operations are key to the plan.