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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: 02_4_Punnett, 2 Trait Punnet Square where one factor/allele/trait is dominant (uppercase)) one factor/allele/trait is recessive (lowercase), mathematician G.H. Hardy out of this conversation came the Hardy-Weinberg Equation, evolution has occured such as migration in or out, Reginald Punnet was fascinated with Mendel's work, Hardy-Weinberg Equation oversimplified statement in some textbooks as Hardy-Weinberg Law: Any change in allelle frequencies in the gene pool of a population signifies evolution has occured., alleles that are near to each other on a chromosome, will be crossed over as a group in meosis in a higher percentage than those that are distant on a chrmosome or on different chromosomes interestingly In mammals, females often have a higher rate of recombination compared to males., <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> p </mtext> <none/> <mtext> 2 </mtext> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> + 2pq + </mtext> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> q </mtext> <none/> <mtext> 2 </mtext> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> = 1 </mtext> </mrow> </math> where p = frequency of the dominant allele in the population q = frequency of the recessive allele in the population p2 = percentage of homozygous dominant individuals q2 = percentage of homozygous recessive individuals 2pq = percentage of heterozygous individuals, Punnet Squares organized by how many traits are being tracked 1 Trait Punnett Square, Hardy-Weinberg Equation limitation- cannot be used when ... small sample size, Mendel's work lead to Punnet Squares, alleles that are near to each other on a chromosome, will be crossed over as a group in meosis in a higher percentage than those that are distant on a chrmosome or on different chromosomes lucky Mendel just happened to pick 7 traits all on separate chromosomes which helped give him clearer results for finding patterns like he did., Hardy-Weinberg Equation limitation- cannot be used when ... lethal allelles, alleles that are near to each other on a chromosome, will be crossed over as a group in meosis in a higher percentage than those that are distant on a chrmosome or on different chromosomes led to linkage maps, Hardy-Weinberg Equation mathematically expressed <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> p </mtext> <none/> <mtext> 2 </mtext> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> + 2pq + </mtext> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> q </mtext> <none/> <mtext> 2 </mtext> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> = 1 </mtext> </mrow> </math>, evolution has occured such as mutations, Genetic Linkage discovered because they looked for a Mendellian ratios for pea pollen shape, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> p </mtext> <none/> <mtext> 2 </mtext> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> + 2pq + </mtext> <mmultiscripts> <mtext> q </mtext> <none/> <mtext> 2 </mtext> </mmultiscripts> <mtext> = 1 </mtext> </mrow> </math> and p+q=1, Mendellian ratios for pea pollen shape but results were not Mendellian ... Different rtesults than Mendel, William Bateson invented the idea of linkage maps, Mendel's work lead to Punnett was asked if there are dominant traits, why do recessive traits persist?